Essay about Bio 101 Evolution Lab - 900 Words

Evolution Lab BIO/101 Pooja Thakur 7-23-12 Evolution Resulting From Natural Selection INTRODUCTION The Evolution Lab simulates environmental situations to determine effects on evolution over periods of time. This lab experiments with the evolution of finches on two different islands over 100, 200, and 300 years. By manipulating parameters that influence natural selection, the effects that natural selection have on the evolution process can be studied. HYPOTHESES †¢ The size of the island will influence the population. †¢ The amount of precipitation will influence beak size. †¢ Variances in beak size will influence beak size. MATERIALS The materials needed for this experiment consist of a computer and†¦show more content†¦This test was also run for 300 years then the data was collected. DATA Test 1 |Parameter |Darwin Island |Wallace Island | |Initial Beak Size |12 mm |12 mm | |Heritability |0.7 |0.7 | |Variance |1 |1 | |Clutch Size |10 eggs |10 eggs | |Precipitation |20 cm |20 cm | |Population |200 birds |200 birds | |Island Size |0.5 km |1 km | | |Results | | |Year |Darwin Island |Wallace Island | |2096 |578 |1107 | |2196 |632 |1236 | |2296 |689 |1458 | [pic] DATA Test 2 |Parameter |Darwin Island |Wallace Island | |Initial Beak Size |12 mm |12 mm | |Heritability |0.7 |0.7 | |Variance |1 |1 | |Clutch Size |10 eggs |10 eggs | |Precipitation |20 cm |40 cm | |Population |200 birds |200 birds | |Island Size |0.5 km |0.5Show MoreRelatedEssay on Evolution of the Finch on Darwin Wallace Island832 Words   |  4 PagesEvolution of the finch on Darwin amp; Wallace Island Wendy Chavez Principals of Biology/BIO 101 12/10/2012 Michael Erickson University of Phoenix Evolution of the finch on Darwin amp; Wallace Island A small population of finches have been discovered on Darwin and Wallace Island. 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Islam Religion and Death Penalty - 1424 Words

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The Impact Of Hydroelectric Power Development Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(125) " where spillage of flow occurs via wasteweirs or Gatess because the bing turbines ‘ size can non utilize all the flow\." Over the old ages, there has been increasing involvement in electricity coevals utilizing hydropower. However, it is merely late that the impacts of hydroelectric power workss on the environment have been recognized ; until now, it was assumed that hydroelectric power coevals was a clean and environmentally friendly electricity production method, compared to other methods. After extended research, it has been found that hydroelectric power production has some impacts that include production of nursery gases from the disintegrating flora that have been submerged in the dike, and implosion therapy of large land countries, rendering them unfit for agribusiness and other human activities, among others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact Of Hydroelectric Power Development Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Possibly the biggest impact from hydroelectric power production is the consequence it has on H2O quality. Dam building, for the intents of power production, can alter the measure and quality of H2O of a river. The disintegrating flora contains bacteria that may besides transform the quicksilver found in basic reservoir stones into a H2O soluble signifier, which builds up in the fish organic structures and accordingly presenting a wellness hazard. This paper will research the impact of upgrading of bing hydroelectric power workss on H2O quality by, foremost, depicting typical proposed enterprises and options when upgrading bing hydropower workss, and so researching the environmental impacts of such proposed enterprises and options. 2.0 Description of proposed enterprise and options For any undertaking that aims at upgrading an bing hydropower works, the chief aim should be to increase efficiency and increase energy production and end product to the upper limit with no unwanted environmental impacts. 2.1 Upgrading bing hydropower workss Several methods exist that can be used to increase the production of power at bing hydropower workss. Normally, these methods can be grouped into two: methods that increase the power production efficiency and methods that increase the useable H2O or caput volume. To better efficiency, old turbine smugglers and Gatess can be replaced with newer, more efficient designs ; coatings can be used to minimise loss of energy through clash in flow channels ; the public presentation of the turbine can be tweaked ; turbine smugglers can be replaced with newer 1s holding a similar design to cut down pits and other defects ; generator efficiency can be increased by rewinding them ; H2O escape can be reduced in Gatess and other constructions ; junk path cleansing can be bettered to minimise clash losingss ; and automated systems for aggregation and analysis of diagnostic informations can be set up. To increase the useable H2O or caput volume, the dam lift can be increased to increase the caput and storage capacity ; more turbines can be added to utilize the H2O that is being spilled ; put ining newer turbines and generators that have wider flow scopes ; and other alterations can be effected during distribution of storage and releases of the reservoir. 2.2 Retrofiting dikes to develop new hydropower The chief activities during retrofitting a dike for hydropower coevals include: constructing sluicegates, consumptions, and a human dynamo that may, in high-head dikes, be located downstream, or, in dikes with low caput, replace subdivisions of the bing construction ; employment of extenuation actions to minimise the undertaking ‘s impacts ; hard-on of power lines to link the undertaking into the bing power grid ; and rerouting through the H2O turbines. Monitoring of quality of H2O, testing to forestall fish from come ining the turbine, edifice of fishing installations, and flow release conditions can do up the extenuation actions. 2.3 Options to hydropower development at bing dikes When upgrading a hydropower works to better its bring forthing capacity, it is presumed it replaces the bing capacity since it is dearly-won to run because of high costs, for illustration disused workss or those that use dearly-won fuel, and the new capacity that is more expensive than hydropower coevals at bing dikes. To find the right capacity mix that the proposed hydropower ascent will replace, there is demand for a complete respect for future energy disbursals, the nature and location of bing and future hydropower workss, and environmental factors particular to a site. 3.0 Environmental impacts of the proposed enterprise and options As has been established, any hydropower development, and other methods of bring forthing power, causes several environmental impacts. The following subdivisions explore the impacts of hydropower ascents and besides for power coevals utilizing fossil fuels, which is the most likely option. 3.1 impacts of upgrading bing hydropower workss Normally depending on the type of upgrade being done, the environmental impacts of hydroelectric works ascents are non as terrible when measured up against other energy development impacts. In fact, upgrades that merely necessitate the generators or turbines to be replaced, go forthing the reservoir ‘s volume and release timings unchanged, have few immediate impacts and may even hold several enduring environmental benefits. The ascents that see the volume and release timings change on the other manus may some permanent impacts. 3.1.1 Water resources 3.1.1.1 Construction Impacts Minor ascents do non necessitate much work and therefore hold small or no impacts on the H2O resources, like eroding, oil spills, and riverbed break, among others. However, major ascents would necessitate more wide building and therefore the impact on H2O resources is increased. Activities in such ascents such as digging or heavy machinery usage during building addition the local creek beds ‘ and Bankss ‘ eroding, doing more sediment tonss and possible deposition downstream. The redistribution of deposits by building may hold harmful effects when the taint of the deposit is local. While enduring impacts on the H2O quality are improbable, building during ascents may take to short-run impacts like little oil spills. Due to the arrest of H2O flow in major ascents, short-run dewatering and stagnancy of the tailwater may happen, ensuing in high growing of algae and changing concentrations of dissolved O ( DO ) which finally adversely impacts aquatic life. 3.1.1.2 Decreased Aeration Turbines able to utilize higher flows may be installed during undertaking ascents where spillage of flow occurs via wasteweirs or Gatess because the bing turbines ‘ size can non utilize all the flow. You read "The Impact Of Hydroelectric Power Development Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" During spillage, the spilled flow may slightly hold increased DO concentrations, or become aerated. When the turbines ‘ capacity is increased, there will be an addition in the flow per centum in the turbine, where aeration is minimum or absent. Entire concentrations of DO would diminish in undertakings where the DO concentration is low and an ascent would do less flow aeration during spillage. In undertakings where spillage happens during high flow periods merely, spillage may be used for power coevals because it does non hold important impact 3.1.1.3 Improved Turbine Aeration To cut down jobs of H2O quality is some undertakings, turbine replacing may be the solution. In the hot season, stratification occurs in most deep reservoirs. At the underside is a bed of low DO concentrated cold H2O, which when released through the turbines means the tailwater will hold deficient DO concentration. To ease this job, the H2O can be aerated prior to go throughing it through the turbine. Research has shown that in a few workss where the turbines have been constructed to entrain air into the flow when it passes through them, aeration of the tailwaters is sufficient and economical ; aquatic life and efficiency may nevertheless be affected. In such undertakings, upgrading of old turbines may enable the installing of self-aerating turbines that accordingly may increase the DO concentrations of the tailwater, finally profiting the environment. 3.1.1.4 Changes in reservoir storage and flow releases As seen, to upgrade bing hydropower workss, methods like increasing the turbines ‘ flow rates or increasing or changing reservoir storage, done by increasing the dike ‘s lift and altering the H2O release periods during the twelvemonth severally, can be used, which may impact the downstream and reservoir H2O quality such as altering the concentrations of DO and temperature of H2O. 3.1.2 Air Quality The impacts of hydropower workss ascents on the air quality are normally impermanent and minimum, and usually occur merely because of dust emanations and other emanations that have escaped from the equipment used in upgrade undertakings that need major building. In fact, hydropower ascents may positively impact the air quality by minimising coevals utilizing fossil fuel. 3.1.3 Aquatic Ecosystems It has been established that the alterations that may happen during building and operation activities during bing hydropower works upgrades impact aquatic life. While minor ascents do non significantly impact the H2O quality, major ascents may ensue in dirt eroding and deposit, chemical and building oil spillage, and break of contaminated deposits, which may impact aquatic life. Increased temperatures and reduced concentrations of DO, hapless tailwater quality, could ensue because of fluctuations in flow releases during building. Furthermore, because of go throughing lowly DO concentrated H2O through a turbine, instead than sloping the H2O over a dike, there could be decreased aeration which besides affects aquatic life. 3.1.4 Riparian and tellurian ecosystems Break to riparian wetlands and home grounds due to building activities is the chief cause of the impacts of bing hydropower workss upgrade on tellurian ecosystems. However, these impacts, which depend on the site or undertaking, are normally insignifanct and merely a few undertakings may do important impacts. Upstream tellurian home ground may significantly be lost through flood because of developments that comprise heightening lifts of the dike. Short-run deposit and fluctuations in flow agendas during building, in add-on to equipment replacing inside edifices, is non likely to hold long-run impacts on tellurian ecosystems. 3.1.5 Diversion 3.1.5.1 Construction impacts Recreational installations will non be significantly impacted by minor hydropower works ascents except during a little building period. Major ascents on the other manus may impact recreational activities. With the possibility of the deposit loads increasing as a consequence of creek beds and bank eroding, the affected H2O quality may impact recreational activities such as H2O skiing, fishing, yachting, and swimming, among others ; such activities may besides be affected by rare minor spillage of oil and lubricators. During upgrade building, there may be dewatering and stagnancy because of controlled flow, which consequences in unwanted growing of algae and low concentrations of DO, accordingly impacting activities like fishing. Open stones, awful odors, loud blares, dust, harmful gas emanations, and eroded Bankss, among others may besides impact the aesthetics and therefore the recreational activities. 3.1.5.2 Long term Impacts Decreased aeration in downstream dike H2O is among the permanent impacts of hydropower works ascent on recreational activities. New turbines decrease the DO concentration, impacting aquatic life and finally fishing activities. Recreational activities may besides be impacted in undertakings where high flow-capable turbines are used because there will be different flow agendas for impoundings. Alterations in the downstream flow graduated table or programming may impact the aquatic life, therefore impacting recreational activities. 3.1.6 Dam Safety and Flooding Concerns for dike safety are normally as a consequence of major, non minor 1s, hydropower works ascents which involves promoting the reservoir degrees that consequences on more structural tonss on the dike, accordingly compromising the general dike ‘s safety factor. In most upgrade developments, deluging frights are uncommon. Still, among the methods of increasing coevals at bing reservoirs is to minimise flood storage so as to do more H2O available for coevals. There would, as a consequence of this lessening in inundation storage, be an increased concern for downstream implosion therapy ; different sites have different impacts and magnitude of the excess implosion therapy. 3.1.7 Energy security benefits Although it will non significantly to the U.S. ‘s entire power grid, the ascent of bing hydropower workss would supply inexpensive and valuable energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non susceptible to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The value of energy ensuing from such ascents is felt more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are required to better H2O quality and aquatic life. 3.2 Impact of new hydroelectric power at bing dikes When an bing dike is developed by put ining new hydropower workss, many advantages are realized, minus the several bad environmental effects experienced during hydropower development at new dikes. This is because at bing dikes, the impacts caused by stream ictus such as submerging of tellurian home ground, obstructor of fish migration, alteration in volume and timing of downstream flow, among others, have already been felt ; more impacts may still be felt during retrofitting. 3.2.1 Water resources 3.2.1.1 Construction Impacts There may be some impermanent impacts on H2O resources that result from the building activities during retrofitting. Erosion at the site of building and the accidental discharge of unearthed stuffs into the watercourse may do the tailwaters to hold sediment tonss. Furthermore, the building activities may do spillage of oil and perturbation and distribution of contaminated deposits present at a dike. These impermanent impacts normally end after building is complete. 3.2.1.2 Change in flow release forms Due to alterations in release agendas of H2O in hydropower workss, the downstream may hold harmful effects like interrupting aquatic life, recreational activities, and increasing eroding of the bank. As such, flow alterations are normally prohibited because they may take down the dike ‘s capacity to run into its initial marks. 3.2.1.3 Changes in tailwater quality due to alterations in release lift Water in a retrofit hydropower workss can be extracted from lifts separate from the initial impounding ‘s backdown lift. During summer, the quality of H2O in deep storage reservoir normally fluctuates with lift. An impounding, with cold H2O normally holding low concentrations of DO in its lower lifts and warm H2O holding high concentrations of DO in the higher lifts, is caused by thermic stratification. In such graded impoundings where the bing release is through a wasteweir or high lift Gatess at the top, there would be fluctuations in downstream quality during hot conditions from high to low concentrations of DO and high to low temperatures when there is installing of a hydropower works retreating from low lifts. There is normally a high heavy metal concentration like Mg and Fe, irritant compounds, in yatter discharged from low lift. Rarely, shallow impoundings may besides hold stratified H2O quality. 3.2.1.4 Change in reserve H2O quality due to alterations in release lift Variations in the backdown lift from a reservoir, in add-on to the impacts discussed before, may besides impact quality of H2O in the impoundment upstream of the dike. A gate release replacing with a turbine consumption at even the slightest lift alteration for case may take down the volume of cold H2O on the reservoir ‘s underside and raise the warm H2O volume in the reservoir in hot conditions. These fluctuations may impact temperature of H2O, production of algae, concentration of DO, and other issues of H2O quality at changing times and sites in the reservoir. Reservoir simulation theoretical accounts are employed in the anticipation of the compound, unpredictable, and site-exclusive impacts. Changing the backdown lift may sometimes be utile for the H2O quality in the reservoir, and sometimes harmful. 3.2.1.5 Nitrogen Super impregnation Hydropower upgrade undertakings cause nitrogen ace impregnation and later the fishes ‘ gas bubble infection which causes the formation of gas bubble in a organic structure of the fish which may kill. Three conditions may ensue in the formation of nitrogen ace impregnation: when releases from the reservoir are really aerated, when air is entrained into severely constructed sluicegates, and when N saturated H2O from inside the reservoir is discharged to tailwaters. Nitrogen ace impregnation does non by and large have big impacts in hydropower development at retrofitted dikes. 3.2.2 Air Quality As has been established, impacts of air quality of retrofitting dikes are similar to hydropower works ascent ‘s local, impermanent and minimum impacts. Happening merely during building, effects may include get awaying dust emanations and equipment usage emanations and are by and large minimum compared with other emanations. 3.2.3 Aquatic ecosystem The aquatic resources during building from dike retrofitting are impacted the same manner as during ascent of bing hydropower workss. There is nevertheless greater opportunity for the impact on aquatic resources, by degrading the H2O and home ground quality, to be more, peculiarly from H2O debasement, because of the major building in this option. Despite the already bing reservoir and the beings ‘ version to the H2O environment, get downing of hydroelectricity production may alter the releases ‘ volume and timing. Consequently, there may be instant and more terrible H2O degree fluctuations in the tailwaters and reservoir, which destroy critical shallow-water home ground for aquatic life. Furthermore, when lowly concentrated DO, cold, deep H2O is discharged from stratified reservoirs will degrade the quality of H2O of the tailwaters and negatively impact the ecosystem adapted to deep warm, extremely concentrated DO H2O releases. 3.2.4 Dam safety and implosion therapy 3.2.4.1 Dam safety Retrofiting hydropower dike has a few dike safety concerns. Because building may necessitate removing of some of the bing dike ‘s parts, there is a possibility of the dike ‘s basis or construction weakening if improperly done. 3.2.4.2 Deluging Design-specific, the building of hydropower workss at dikes with low-head may upsurge the implosion therapy upstream ‘s rate and graduated table. If there is the slightest obstructor in the flows ‘ way due to building, the upstream inundation lifts would increase. 3.2.5 Energy security benefits Although it will non significantly to the U.S. ‘s entire power grid, energy from retrofitting dikes would supply inexpensive and valuable energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non susceptible to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The value of energy ensuing from such an option is felt more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are required to better H2O quality and aquatic life. 3.3 Impacts of coevals utilizing fossil fuels Most of U.S. power production capacity is due to the usage of fossil fuels ( coal, gas and oil ) . The power that would hold been produced by hydropower is so got from the usage of these fossil fuels. 3.3.1 Water resources The coevals of fossil-fuels can take to a figure of effects to H2O resources. In most instances fossil fuels workss are normally constructed following to big H2O organic structures to supply H2O for chilling or to thrust ahead as agencies of conveyance for the fuels. The building of these workss besides interferes with the land countries taking to eroding and as a consequence taking to residue tonss in the H2O organic structures. Coal excavation and transit are the chief effects of coal- power coevals to legion H2O organic structures. In the humid parts coal mines have for a long period triggered serious pollution of H2O organic structures due to altering of the river channels ( because of direct excavation effects, hydrologic alterations to watershed, and increased residue tonss ) and drainage of acids from mines. Although these impacts can be controlled, to a certain extent they can non be wholly avoided. In waterless countries, these effects are less compared to those in humid countries. However, impacts such as change of groundwater can happen. Even though, the transit of fossil fuels by flatboat on H2O resources can do minor impacts, other agencies of transit such as coal slurry grapevines, can ensue into terrible impacts on local H2O organic structures. The lavation of coal at the power works or mine to better its combustion or emanations qualities ; big sums of H2O are consumed every bit good as pollut ion as a consequence of these procedures. Water resources can besides be degraded due to production and transit of gas and oil used in the production of electric power. These effects can be due to offshore oil production and oil spills in the class of refinement and transit. The production of fossil-fuel power workss is the root to several pollution effects to H2O organic structures. Cooling H2O is required by these workss in the condensation of steam after it has been recycled in the boilers. The cooling H2O can be used one time and channeled to come up H2O or it can be recycled through the chilling tower let go ofing the heat out to the ambiance. Significant temperature addition and vaporization in the receiving H2O organic structure can besides be caused by chilling procedures. Water is likewise consumed by the chilling towers through vaporization and the discharge of blow down H2O, which contains higher concentrations of dissolved solids. 3.3.2 Air quality The major beginning of air emanations is due to the usage of fossil fuels in power coevals as compared to the usage hydroelectric coevals. Some of these emanations include ; dust discharged from coal hemorrhoids and mines, vehicles used in excavation and transit of these fossil fuels, the storage and use of crude oil and gas besides release hydrocarbon emanations and emanations from burning. Air quality as an impact of fossil- fuel production is of the greatest concern as it leads to the emanation of burning merchandises such as S dioxide, azotic oxide, atoms and C dioxide. Approximately 70 % sulfur emanations, 40 % of azotic oxide emanations and 10 % of particulate emanations of U.S. are produced during fossil- fueled power production. With most emanations coming from oil and coal burning, natural gas- fuel workss have significantly lowered air emanations. The chief concerns are sulfur dioxide and azotic oxides ; they non merely affect human wellness but besides contribute to acidic rain and dry deposition. Particulates can likewise hold terrible effects on human wellness, conditions and visibleness. Carbon dioxide emanations are besides possible subscribers to planetary heating. Ever since the 1950s, a steady rise in the emanations of C dioxide has been experienced. Whereas about half of the emitted C dioxide released remains in the ambiance lending to planetary heating, the staying half is either dissolved into oceans or taken up by workss or sequestered. 3.3.3 Aquatic ecosystem Several of the impacts due to the building and operation of fossil-fueled power workss to aquatic ecological resources are really different both in sort and magnitude to the impacts brought approximately by several hydropower replacements. Unless a chilling lake is created by the dodo fuel works, the loss of aquatic home ground will be relativity little, compared to those due to upgrading or retrofitting of already bing reservoirs. This will be much less compared to the sum of riverine home grounds that would be lost due to a new hydroelectric impounding. Entrainment, encroachment and chemical and thermic discharges are some of the effects brought approximately by the operation of a chilling system capacitor of a dodo works to aquatic beings. Large sums of solid wastes such as burning ash and scrubber sludge are besides produced by coal-burning power workss. If non controlled, leachates form coal and ash hemorrhoids can degrade the H2O quality every bit good as holding toxicant effects on the aquatic beings. Furthermore, aquatic communities over a big geographical country can see important H2O quality effects and habitat loss associated to the whole fuel rhythm ( coal and oil excavation, polish or cleansing, and ash deposition ) . Aquatic beings in widespread countries can likewise be affected by acerb deposition from fossil fuel workss. 3.3.4 Diversion The state ‘s uninterrupted dependance on fossil fuels as the chief beginning of production for electrical power has appeared to hold important effects on recreational avocations in assorted countries. During the air inversion episodes in some of the major metropoliss in the U.S. , air quality effects due to the burning of coal are already impacting people with respiratory complications who the usage some of these recreational resources. In New England and other parts of the U.S. , acidic depositions from coal burning is said to hold affected fishing in assorted lakes. Drain of acids from coal mines has non merely affect fishing but white water canoeing and kayaking, yachting, swimming, hike and the overall aesthetic qualities of watercourses in Appalachia and in other topographic points. Through the surface excavation of coal recreational chances such as hunting, hike and nature observation can be disturbed throughout the U.S. However, through renewal, these sites may heighten some of these recreational resources. Increased concentrations of nursery gases in the ambiance can besides convey with it impacts to recreational resources such as alteration in the precipitation measures and governments of a part, more serious or more perennial air inversions, raising or take downing of reservoirs capacities, legion or more terrible major storms in the coastal countries, rise in the sea degree, altering of wildlife home grounds, and change of wildlife migration waies and times. Any out-of-door recreational avocation will be significantly be affected by all these. The boring rigs near the refineries for gas and oil used in power coevals can likewise consequence in H2O quality impacts from rigs, oilers or grapevines which may take to occasional oil spills both onshore and offshore. Recreational activities such as fishing, yachting, swimming, and nature observation can besides be affected as consequence of these impacts. Refinery installations ( with both ocular and olfactive effects ) are frequently seen to be noxious topographic points doing them incompatible with recreational resources. Aesthetic enjoyment of such recreational resources can be reduced where there are grapevines. Drilling, production and other research activities due to increased used of gas and oil can hold possible negative effects on these diversion resources particularly in wildlife safeties and delicate offshore locations. In Western United States, in some of the comparatively pristine environment where natural gas desulfurization installations are located near the boring rigs ; ocular, audile and olfactive impacts could be produced where this gas is found. Activities such as hike, runing and nature observation could besides be affected. 3.3.5 Energy security benefits Supplies form Coal and domestic gases are considered to be unafraid energy resource suppliers. In the United States, coal is known to be the richest unrenewable energy resources. Although, fossil-fueled workss are considered to be extremely dependable, they can be besides be affected by terrible conditions conditions such as drouths ( that consequence into inefficient chilling doing it expensive for power production ) . Following the day-to-day rhythm demands, fossil-fuel power workss are non all that efficient. In the quest to extenuate this inefficiency, pumped storage hydroelectric power undertakings and gas turbine workss though less efficient are frequently used because the turbines respond rapidly to altering demands. Environmental impacts which involves air emanations both regional and globally and the high ingestion of H2O are some of the factors that limit the development of new fossil-fueled workss at assorted sites. 4.0 Decision How to cite The Impact Of Hydroelectric Power Development Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Blood Gulch Blues by Trocedero free essay sample

â€Å"Blood Gulch Blues† by Trocadero is a song dedicated to the popular web series Red vs. Blue. The series is based off of the game Halo, which is also well known. The song starts out by telling us the two factions: red team and blue team. Blood Gulch Avenue refers to the game of the map. In the second verse, â€Å"It’s I against I and me against you† means that there is a lot of internal and external conflict among the characters. The third verse, â€Å"living like this we were already dead† expresses how their experiences might as well have killed them. The car in the song is called the Warthog in Halo. In the game, the Warthog almost always lands on the wheels when landing. Taking that into consideration, one of the characters, Grif, says that it looked like a puma. The name stuck. It ends with another â€Å"red versus red blue versus blue† which, in my interpretation, compares how similar the red team and blue team are in their thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Gulch Blues by Trocedero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They might be enemies, but they don’t know how much they’re really alike. The album is called Roses Are Red, Violets Are Blue. Other songs in the album include the following order: â€Å"Intro†, â€Å"Blood Gulch Blues†, â€Å"Steady Ride (Gun Metal Green)†, â€Å"Spiritual†, â€Å"No One†, â€Å"Funny Farm†, â€Å"A Girl Named Tex†, â€Å"Punch It†, â€Å"Space Invader†, â€Å"(617)†, â€Å"Superhero†, â€Å"Vale Death†, â€Å"All as One†, â€Å"Oh Five!†, and â€Å"Half Life†. â€Å"Blood Gulch Blues† By Trocadero Roses are red/ And violets are blue/ One day we’ll cruise down/ Blood Gulch Avenue/ It’s red versus red/ And blue versus blue/ It’s I against I and me/ against you/ Violets are blue/ And roses are red/ Living like this we were/ already dead/ Hop in my car it don’t have/ any doors/ It’s build like a cat/ It lands on all fours/ My cars like a puma/ It drives on all fours/ Red versus red/ Blue versus blue/ For all of those who recognize Red vs. Blue, I would recommend this song. I would definitely approve of other songs by Trocadero as well. People who have not watched Red vs. Blue would not get the references within most of these songs. All in all, this is the best song ever. Of all time.

Security Manager Role Essay Example

Security Manager Role Paper Security Manager Role To understand the role(s) of a Security Manager, a person must know what security is and what it means to an organization. According to Ortmeier, â€Å"security may be defined as a public or private service-related activity that provides personnel, equipment, and creates policies and procedures designed to prevent or reduce losses. These losses, caused by criminal action as well as by noncriminal events resulting from human error, emergencies, man-made and natural disasters, and business intelligence collection by competitors†. 2009). Security takes into account all actions and objectives intended to meet asset safeguard goals to make certain that security problems do not occur. Management of security is defined as multifaceted and interdisciplinary. Security for an organization includes the use of criminal and civil law, inspections, sleuthing, profiling, business management, strategy proposals, psychology, sociology, and technology to shield persons and property. A security manager’s role varies, according to the organizational structure. A security manager takes on managerial, administrative, preventative, and investigative responsibilities and functions. The Managerial Role The security personnel’s managerial role, as stated by Ortmeier would entail the selection, training, scheduling, supervising, and the evaluation of security personnel. In addition to the aforesaid, the role of manager includes the responsibilities of productivity and improvements, morale, compensation, the employee’s welfare, attitudes, and expectations (2009). The Administrative Role Security manager’s administrative role encompasses the formation of the security’s organizational vision, mission, goals, and objectives. The security manager decides how the security operation should be set up and who will perform the security-related tasks. These managers also decide if security will be kept in-house or out-sourced or have a combination of the two. The Preventive Role The security manager’s preventive role necessitates the accountability for the prevention of loss from any source. The ultimate goal of the security anager is to distinguish what are or can be problems and to diminish or prevent the risk from occurring. The Investigative Role The security manager is not a public police officer. Security personnel are specially trained in security services not in law enforcement. The security manager’s knowledge in this area includes intelligence gathering capabilities and investigative skills. Information Technology Security Managers Inform ation technology security managers are the keepers of confidential information. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Manager Role specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Security Manager Role specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Security Manager Role specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Open Guide states that information security refers to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The mission of IT security managers is to prevent any breach of IT services and data within the organizational requirements at acceptable cost. In todays economy with all of the hacking and stealing of information, the IT department and the security department need each other. The IT department is the protector of information and the security department is the protector of lives and assets. The company’s information is an asset in one form or another, either electronic or written. Hardcopy and electronic information needs to be protected from theft. If electronic information is backed up in any form, it has to be kept safe and secure in a location that can be accessed at a later time, if needed. Security personnel need to know where the information is to be located so that a security plan can be put into place to secure said information. If backups need to be moved, security can be on hand to transfer information, whether it is down the hall or to another location (2011). Airline Security Managers According to Powers, who wrote the job description for an airline security manager says that, the airline security manager’s purpose is to provide the supervision of the airline’s operational security functions and to make certain that the airline is conforming to current and future requirements of the Federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA). The manager must also manage tasks that will guarantee the safety of the public and the security personnel. Duties required on daily include: †¢continual monitoring of the airport’s security status, †¢identifying any potential current or future problems, †¢analyze security and inspection reports to ensure that all TSA compliances are met, †¢notifying TSA of any changes or problems that may require federal assistance, †¢address and correct any issue that does not meet standard security procedures, †¢interview any potentially new employee, †¢hire new employee(s), †¢instruct new employee(s) Airline security managers must be knowledgeable of public safety and security in an airport setting, discern how to use all security equipment and procedures, be familiar with all local, state, and federal airport security requirements and be aware of any new legislation. This manager must also have skills in administrative, monetary planning and analysis, understand how to use computers, software programs and technology, and recognize how to react in a large crisis situation or disaster (2011). Private Security Managers As stated by Writing, a private security manager’s role is to prepare and direct security operation systems and programs while providing safety to an organization or facility. The planning, management, and reporting are the core responsibilities of this position. Duties required on daily include: †¢analyzing statistics and information to ensure a safe and secure work environment †¢identifying weaknesses in building security and acting to resolve them †¢set into place security policies and procedures and implement them †¢revise any existing protocol(s) that may need updated or done away with †¢hire security guard personnel take steps necessary to ensure the building is safe and secure †¢consult with management in making any improvements or executing any security standards that comply with state and federal regulations †¢be familiar with federal and state laws to ensure compliance within any industry †¢develop unique programs to instruct p ersonnel and employees †¢lead, teach, and communicate with employees and security personnel †¢write reports and reviews †¢recommend employees for raises or termination Private security managers have more restricted rights than police officers, depending on the state law, in regard to holding people and carrying weapons. Many security personnel do not carry firearms, but if required, a concealed weapons permit would need to be acquired from that jurisdiction (2011). Public Facility Security Managers As stated by Amico, who describes the duties of a security manager, public facility security managers handle the security in businesses such as nightclubs, museums, office buildings and other public facilities. The security manager’s job is to make sure that the property is safe and secure and that everyone on the grounds has the legal right to be there, such as the nightclubs and persons underage trying to obtain admission. Duties required on daily basis include: †¢protect lives and protect the property of the client †¢maintain order among patrons and deal with unruly patrons †¢know how to handle adverse situations †¢preventing theft or vandalism †¢protecting the building(s) or vehicles †¢be alert to any suspicious activity †¢know how to react to threats or disasters supervise staff †¢hire and train guards †¢know how to use force when needed and how much force to use †¢know when to call in backup from the local police department or paramedics The majority of public facility security managers need to be at least 21 especially to work in a nightclub. Security managers in these areas need to use common sense and good judgment, like the nightclub scene and teenagers trying to pass off fake identification. A good number of security managers have spent time as guards before gaining a promotion into a managerial position (2011). Security Guard Roles According to Ray, security guards are not police officers and do not have the same duties and responsibilities. Security guards are in the prevention business, and it is their job to operate as an impediment to crime, watch for looming danger and report crimes that they may come across. Guards should be alert and visible at all times. Some thefts, damage, and injuries can be prevented when a criminal spots a guard. A guard is required to record events, take down license plate numbers and recall features to report the discoveries to the authorities. Security guards should have access to a phone or radio at all times to report any irregular activity or crime in progress, or to call for backup. A few guards are required to check badges of employees and visitors, or to check the bags of the employees and visitor’s leaving the facility (2011). Conclusion The role of a security manager varies from organization to organization, but in every case the most important task is to be a protector. The security manager of any business has two main goals: to promote a safe and secure environment for employees and visitors and to prevent loss of any kind. A security manager has many hats to wear but needs to assume simultaneously all roles of being a manager, administrator, trainer, referee, preventer/protector and investigator. Security managers need to work with other departments, keeping communication lines open, to promote a safe and secure environment. In an organization that keeps any kind of data, the security manager needs to know where the information is to be stored, so that a security plan can be put into place to secure said documents. All security managers need to be knowledgeable in their city, state, and federal laws that pertain to their workstation and be aware of any new legislative requirements that the company needs to be in compliance with. When problems arise the security manager needs be able to take care of the problem or if the situation calls for it, to call in backup. If a security manager cannot fulfill their role or fails to satisfy his or her job requirement the organization: †¢can be sued and dragged into court, †¢the company name can be slandered, †¢someone can be terribly hurt or killed, or †¢the company can lose assets Should any of the above occur the organization will lose business. In this case, the security managers in a position of being reprimanded and terminated for the lack of promoting a safe and secure premise and preventing loss of assets. References Amico, S. (2011). Security Managers Duties. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/print/list_6185215_security-manager_s-duties. html Open Guide. (2011). IT Security Management.. Retrieved from http://www. itlibrary. org/index. php? page=IT_Security_Management Ortmeier, P. J. (2009). Introduction to security operations and management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Powers, J. (2011). Airline Security Manager Job Description. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_6326581_airline-security-manager-job-description. html Ray, L. (2011). Job Duties Responsibilities of a Security Guard. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/print/facts_4925183_job-duties-responsibilities-security-guard. html Writing, A. (2011). Responsibilities of a Private Security Manager. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/list_6023354_responsibilities-private-security-manager. html Security Manager Role Essay Example Security Manager Role Paper Security Manager Role To understand the role(s) of a Security Manager, a person must know what security is and what it means to an organization. According to Ortmeier, â€Å"security may be defined as a public or private service-related activity that provides personnel, equipment, and creates policies and procedures designed to prevent or reduce losses. These losses, caused by criminal action as well as by noncriminal events resulting from human error, emergencies, man-made and natural disasters, and business intelligence collection by competitors†. 2009). Security takes into account all actions and objectives intended to meet asset safeguard goals to make certain that security problems do not occur. Management of security is defined as multifaceted and interdisciplinary. Security for an organization includes the use of criminal and civil law, inspections, sleuthing, profiling, business management, strategy proposals, psychology, sociology, and technology to shield persons and property. A security manager’s role varies, according to the organizational structure. A security manager takes on managerial, administrative, preventative, and investigative responsibilities and functions. The Managerial Role The security personnel’s managerial role, as stated by Ortmeier would entail the selection, training, scheduling, supervising, and the evaluation of security personnel. In addition to the aforesaid, the role of manager includes the responsibilities of productivity and improvements, morale, compensation, the employee’s welfare, attitudes, and expectations (2009). The Administrative Role Security manager’s administrative role encompasses the formation of the security’s organizational vision, mission, goals, and objectives. The security manager decides how the security operation should be set up and who will perform the security-related tasks. These managers also decide if security will be kept in-house or out-sourced or have a combination of the two. The Preventive Role The security manager’s preventive role necessitates the accountability for the prevention of loss from any source. The ultimate goal of the security anager is to distinguish what are or can be problems and to diminish or prevent the risk from occurring. The Investigative Role The security manager is not a public police officer. Security personnel are specially trained in security services not in law enforcement. The security manager’s knowledge in this area includes intelligence gathering capabilities and investigative skills. Information Technology Security Managers Inform ation technology security managers are the keepers of confidential information. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Manager Role specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Security Manager Role specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Security Manager Role specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Open Guide states that information security refers to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The mission of IT security managers is to prevent any breach of IT services and data within the organizational requirements at acceptable cost. In todays economy with all of the hacking and stealing of information, the IT department and the security department need each other. The IT department is the protector of information and the security department is the protector of lives and assets. The company’s information is an asset in one form or another, either electronic or written. Hardcopy and electronic information needs to be protected from theft. If electronic information is backed up in any form, it has to be kept safe and secure in a location that can be accessed at a later time, if needed. Security personnel need to know where the information is to be located so that a security plan can be put into place to secure said information. If backups need to be moved, security can be on hand to transfer information, whether it is down the hall or to another location (2011). Airline Security Managers According to Powers, who wrote the job description for an airline security manager says that, the airline security manager’s purpose is to provide the supervision of the airline’s operational security functions and to make certain that the airline is conforming to current and future requirements of the Federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA). The manager must also manage tasks that will guarantee the safety of the public and the security personnel. Duties required on daily include: †¢continual monitoring of the airport’s security status, †¢identifying any potential current or future problems, †¢analyze security and inspection reports to ensure that all TSA compliances are met, †¢notifying TSA of any changes or problems that may require federal assistance, †¢address and correct any issue that does not meet standard security procedures, †¢interview any potentially new employee, †¢hire new employee(s), †¢instruct new employee(s) Airline security managers must be knowledgeable of public safety and security in an airport setting, discern how to use all security equipment and procedures, be familiar with all local, state, and federal airport security requirements and be aware of any new legislation. This manager must also have skills in administrative, monetary planning and analysis, understand how to use computers, software programs and technology, and recognize how to react in a large crisis situation or disaster (2011). Private Security Managers As stated by Writing, a private security manager’s role is to prepare and direct security operation systems and programs while providing safety to an organization or facility. The planning, management, and reporting are the core responsibilities of this position. Duties required on daily include: †¢analyzing statistics and information to ensure a safe and secure work environment †¢identifying weaknesses in building security and acting to resolve them †¢set into place security policies and procedures and implement them †¢revise any existing protocol(s) that may need updated or done away with †¢hire security guard personnel take steps necessary to ensure the building is safe and secure †¢consult with management in making any improvements or executing any security standards that comply with state and federal regulations †¢be familiar with federal and state laws to ensure compliance within any industry †¢develop unique programs to instruct p ersonnel and employees †¢lead, teach, and communicate with employees and security personnel †¢write reports and reviews †¢recommend employees for raises or termination Private security managers have more restricted rights than police officers, depending on the state law, in regard to holding people and carrying weapons. Many security personnel do not carry firearms, but if required, a concealed weapons permit would need to be acquired from that jurisdiction (2011). Public Facility Security Managers As stated by Amico, who describes the duties of a security manager, public facility security managers handle the security in businesses such as nightclubs, museums, office buildings and other public facilities. The security manager’s job is to make sure that the property is safe and secure and that everyone on the grounds has the legal right to be there, such as the nightclubs and persons underage trying to obtain admission. Duties required on daily basis include: †¢protect lives and protect the property of the client †¢maintain order among patrons and deal with unruly patrons †¢know how to handle adverse situations †¢preventing theft or vandalism †¢protecting the building(s) or vehicles †¢be alert to any suspicious activity †¢know how to react to threats or disasters supervise staff †¢hire and train guards †¢know how to use force when needed and how much force to use †¢know when to call in backup from the local police department or paramedics The majority of public facility security managers need to be at least 21 especially to work in a nightclub. Security managers in these areas need to use common sense and good judgment, like the nightclub scene and teenagers trying to pass off fake identification. A good number of security managers have spent time as guards before gaining a promotion into a managerial position (2011). Security Guard Roles According to Ray, security guards are not police officers and do not have the same duties and responsibilities. Security guards are in the prevention business, and it is their job to operate as an impediment to crime, watch for looming danger and report crimes that they may come across. Guards should be alert and visible at all times. Some thefts, damage, and injuries can be prevented when a criminal spots a guard. A guard is required to record events, take down license plate numbers and recall features to report the discoveries to the authorities. Security guards should have access to a phone or radio at all times to report any irregular activity or crime in progress, or to call for backup. A few guards are required to check badges of employees and visitors, or to check the bags of the employees and visitor’s leaving the facility (2011). Conclusion The role of a security manager varies from organization to organization, but in every case the most important task is to be a protector. The security manager of any business has two main goals: to promote a safe and secure environment for employees and visitors and to prevent loss of any kind. A security manager has many hats to wear but needs to assume simultaneously all roles of being a manager, administrator, trainer, referee, preventer/protector and investigator. Security managers need to work with other departments, keeping communication lines open, to promote a safe and secure environment. In an organization that keeps any kind of data, the security manager needs to know where the information is to be stored, so that a security plan can be put into place to secure said documents. All security managers need to be knowledgeable in their city, state, and federal laws that pertain to their workstation and be aware of any new legislative requirements that the company needs to be in compliance with. When problems arise the security manager needs be able to take care of the problem or if the situation calls for it, to call in backup. If a security manager cannot fulfill their role or fails to satisfy his or her job requirement the organization: †¢can be sued and dragged into court, †¢the company name can be slandered, †¢someone can be terribly hurt or killed, or †¢the company can lose assets Should any of the above occur the organization will lose business. In this case, the security managers in a position of being reprimanded and terminated for the lack of promoting a safe and secure premise and preventing loss of assets. References Amico, S. (2011). Security Managers Duties. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/print/list_6185215_security-manager_s-duties. html Open Guide. (2011). IT Security Management.. Retrieved from http://www. itlibrary. org/index. php? page=IT_Security_Management Ortmeier, P. J. (2009). Introduction to security operations and management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Powers, J. (2011). Airline Security Manager Job Description. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_6326581_airline-security-manager-job-description. html Ray, L. (2011). Job Duties Responsibilities of a Security Guard. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/print/facts_4925183_job-duties-responsibilities-security-guard. html Writing, A. (2011). Responsibilities of a Private Security Manager. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/list_6023354_responsibilities-private-security-manager. html

How to Grow Epsom Salt Crystals

How to Grow Epsom Salt Crystals You can find Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) in the laundry and pharmacy sections of most stores. Epsom salt crystals are safe to handle, easy to grow and form quickly. You can grow clear crystals or add food coloring if you prefer. Heres what you need to know to make your own crystals. Difficulty: Easy Epsom Salt Crystal Materials 1/4 cup Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate)1/2 cup watershallow bowl or dishsponge (optional)food coloring (optional) Heres How Boil the water in a microwave or on the stove.Remove the water from heat and add the Epsom salts. Stir the mixture until the salt is fully dissolved. If desired, add food coloring.If you have floating sediment (common if using impure Epsom salt), you can pour the liquid through a coffee filter to remove it. Use the liquid to grow the crystals and discard the coffee filter.Pour the mixture over a piece of sponge (optional) or into a shallow container. You need just enough liquid to cover the bottom of the container.For larger crystals, place the container in a warm or sunny location. Crystals will form as the water evaporates. For fast crystals (which will be smaller and delicate-looking), cool the liquid quickly by placing the container in the refrigerator. Cooling the crystals produces thin needles within half an hour. Tips The sponge provides an extra surface area to allow the crystals to form more quickly and helps make them a bit easier to view and handle.Compare the appearance of the Epsom salts before stirring them into the water with the appearance of the crystals that are produced.

Intro to Mgt Syst Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to Mgt Syst - Assignment Example By instituting privacy policies in information systems, organizations can safeguard personal information of their employees and customers from access and manipulation by ill-motivated individuals. There are several human and technological protective measures that can be used to safeguard and enforce privacy in information systems. Some of the most operative and widely used mechanisms include encryption, data masking, and authentication. Kim and Solomon (2012) define encryption as the process of encoding information and/or messages in such a manner that only the authorized parties can access or read it. The process involves encrypting plaintext with an encryption algorithm to generate the cipher text that is only readable if decrypted. Therefore, any interceptor of the message cannot access it unless they provide the encryption key which is provided by the originator of the information (Kim & Solomon, 2012). Data masking, on the other hand, refer to the process of hiding the original data with random characters to prevent classified personal data from access by unauthorized persons (Rainer & Cegielski, 2012). Data masking aims at protecting the actual data by having a function al substitute when the real data is not required. Authentication is another measure that can be taken by determining whether something or someone is what he or she declares to be. Authentication in information systems is attained through the use of logon passwords and pin numbers (Kim & Solomon, 2012). There are several problems related to management information systems that arise from privacy of information. One of the most common problems is security breaches, which emanate as a result of hackers and viruses. Today, most organizations store their data on remote cloud servers accessible with a username and the appropriate password (Kim & Solomon, 2012). However, there is a higher risk of losing the data through viruses, hijackers, and wrong-minded

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

See below - Essay Example According to Feldman, individual rights must be balanced against social goals3 and he views human rights as being linked to the conditions necessary for a democracy; human rights â€Å"help to establish the conditions of free speech, tolerance, equality and mutual respect for people’s dignity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 4 Locke lays the foundation of a civil society upon the premise that people surrender their natural freedoms to a system of common laws in order that they receive the protection of the Government and it is this system of laws that restrains them from harming others to enforce their natural laws.5 In the aftermath of World War II and the Nazi atrocities, it was Winston Churchill who first pressed for â€Å"the environment of human rights† which led to the drafting and implementation of the Universal Convention of Human Rights.6 The Preamble to the Convention establishes â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family† as the basis upon which its Articles are founded.7 There are 30 separate articles, all of which spell out the basic rights that are meant to be accessible to every individual, irrespective of the country to which he or she belongs8. The aim and objective of this dissertation is to examine the execution of human rights law and its application through the various regional instruments that have been spelt out in different parts of the world. This dissertation will also examine violations in human rights that have been taking place and how best such violations may be prevented. It will attempt to assess whether human rights are best protected on a universal, regional or national basis, from the point of view of the framework of the law and its execution. The Methodology that is proposed in this study is primarily a library based research effort that will examine existing international law and the developments in execution of human rights over the globe.

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Corporate Governance - Essay Example Certainly, in spite of its characteristic past origins and its shortcomings, it is evidently coming out as the global benchmark. However, queries of institutional shifts are untimely. It is worth noting that towards the end of the 20th century, the German and Japanese models of corporate governance was most preferred in the world, and it served as the worlds best from 1990-early 2000 (Goergen, Manjon & Renneboog 2008). Experts believed in the bank-centered association capitalistic approach to deal with the social disturbance brought about by the American narrow-minded shareholder orientation. The intrinsic worthiness of "Toyotaism" and the exemplary performance of some of the Asian economies and business establishments that emulated the German and Japanese corporate framework influenced the business reporters to herald the surfacing of the Anglo-American method of control Keiretsu (Wood 1991; Herbig & Shao 1994). The reports stated that unregulated Anglo-Saxon capitalistic mode of corporate governance is encountering challenges in dealing with the current situation. They therefore argued that the American bus iness organizations ought to have been supported to institute Keiretsu-like groupings that insulated the management from mid-term to short-term business and stock market forces devoid of developing them into ineffectual managers (Lincoln, Gerlach & Ahmadjian 1996). In summary, the most prolific economies were successful due to their corporate governance frameworks, at times referred to as communitarian or association capitalism. They subdued the signs from intolerant economic markets and promoted collaboration among business corporate organizations and their suppliers, contrary to what the American framework of investing capitalists. Certainly, agreeing on which evaluator of performance to employ and what period to concentrate on results to divergent

The Strength of Weak Ties by Granovetter | Review

The Strength of Weak Ties by Granovetter | Review This paper is a critical review of the popular article The Strength of Weak Ties by Mark S. Granovetter (1973). After an introduction to the paper at hand and a summary of the texts main points, a closer look at some of the premises on which the author builds his arguments is taken as well as examining the arguments themselves. Followed by that, the articles major contributions to the field of civic networks and social capital and its importance in this realm especially for the contemporary society are examined. Finally, I will conclude by summing up the points and highlighting the significance of the article. Introduction Mark S. Granovetters article The Strength of Weak Ties (1973) is one of the highly influential and most cited works of our times. By emphasizing a part of social networks which had hitherto been neglected, the author clearly caused a stir (not only) within the scientific community of sociology and social sciences. Granovetter is a contemporary sociologist and professor in the school of humanities and sciences at Stanford University. His main fields of interest are Economic Sociology, Social Stratification and Sociological Theory. Contributing to these realms, he published several articles and books. Here, we will focus on the input he gives through the paper cited above. Summary In his renowned and influential paper The Strength of Weak Ties (1973), Mark Granovetter makes a basic distinction between the respective functions of strong and weak ties and points especially to the importance of the latter. He defines the strength of a tie by the combination of time spent together, the emotional intensity, the intimacy and the reciprocal services (p. 1361) present in a particular relationship. He states that the stronger a tie between two individuals, the higher is the proportion of common friends due to three main factors: the time committed to each of ones friendships, similarities that connect friends and the logic of Heiders cognitive balance theory which serves as explanation why the combination of a positive relationship between person A and person B as well as between A and person C will most probably result in a positive relationship between B and C (1958). Concluding from these statements, he points out that only weak ties connect one group of people (fri ends) and another, as strong ties already imply an overlap between two groups. Relationships that are the only connecting point between two groups are bridges or if a tie is not the only but the shortest connection between members of different groups local bridges (p.1364). According to Granovetter, in the process of diffusion of e.g. new ideas or concepts these bridges play an essential role as they allow for the spread of an idea from one group to another. The author presents a set of studies that demonstrate how new ideas spread (most rapidly) through people with few strong but several weak ties. This seems to be especially so if the idea introduced is rather unconventional and deviating from a certain norm and the spread of which requires a considerable degree of freedom from peer pressure. After clarifying the overall importance of weak ties, Granovetter takes a closer look at their significance on two levels: the individual and the community level. He explains that for the individual, the maintenance of weak ties (e.g. former working colleagues) is crucial as those are usually bridges that provide access to groups of people and to information that one would otherwise not be able to obtain. For the community, on the other hand, bridges are essential in order to prevent pure clique building which would inhibit community cohesion and hinder collective action. Weaknesses of the argumentation Not without any reason is Granovetters The Strength of Weak Ties considered a highly influential and important paper. In contrast to many other sociologists writing about social theories or social capital, Granovetter makes a clear distinction between interpersonal (strong ties) and mere transaction (weak ties) relationships and he adheres with it throughout his argument an important step that many sociological argumentations around social capital lack. There are, however, a number of weaknesses in his argument which I will outline in the following. One of the premises he builds his argument on, is that the proportion of overlapping friendship circles of two individual is related to the strength of these individuals tie. Thus, a weak relationship between two people implies that there are only few common friends or acquaintances. This, however, does not have to be true. Take former class mates as an example: Person A and person B were class mates several years ago, but nowadays they are only in loose contact, they thus have a weak tie. However, each of them does have an approximately equally strong tie to most of the people from the former class. Hence, there is an overlap of acquaintances even though they are only very weakly bonded to each other. Furthermore, a friendship that developed over a longer period of time may remain a very strong one even if the two individuals involved do not see each other frequently anymore. This would then imply that there is a strong tie between the two friends but obviously not very much overlap of their friendship circles where they live. This facet becomes ever more important with new communication technologies evolving, which facilitate keeping contact despite spatial separation, and the general globalization which leads to ever more people changing their location more easily and more frequently. Hence, the definition of the strength of a tie, though quite precise at first sight, does not cover every kind of tie and is thus not completely comprehensive. Another premise Granovetter states is that due to the similarity which friends usually share it is very likely that if person A is a friend of person B and of person C, then B and C do become friends, too. If one always chooses ones friends because they have much in common can be doubted, though. Not without cause is the proverb opposites attract so well known and often used. Often people tend to feel comfortable around someone that is different in his personality and character, this being an anti-pole to ones own weaknesses and strengths. Thus, the similarity that the author implies here rather refers to sharing an interest in or commitment to something, be it in the labour world or common hobbies. However, if A likes B because of their perpetual discussions about politics and A is a friend of C because of their shared passion for soccer, B and C are not necessarily likely to build a deep friendship as well. When writing strong ties lead to overall fragmentation (p.1378), Granovetter clearly underestimates the importance of strong ties. His paper is unique in emphasizing a thitherto neglected part of human interaction. Nevertheless, strong ties build the basis for any kind of trust to evolve, which again is a main component of social capital and community cohesion. A person who does not have any intimate relationships will have a hard time trusting people. Now, one could state that everyone is bonded in at least one strong relationship and hence, this remark is redundant. However, nowadays the number of weak ties people have is increasing steadily as online platforms such as facebook allow for an easy way of handling the climbing number of relationships. Still, these relationships do demand some input to remain present and thus it can be questioned if people still invest in their strong ties or if the number and intensity of friendships is declining in recent years. What one can be sure about, though, is that for community cohesion to evolve and remain, both weak and strong ties are needed, rather that seeing strong ties as a threat to social cohesion. Last, one can question if the generalization of the importance of weak ties is legitimate. It may, very well be the case that they facilitate the spread and diffusion of and thus gives access to information that one could otherwise not obtain. This function (enhancement of diffusion) is, however, one that does not require reliance on the vis-ÃÆ'ÂÂ  -vis one interacts with. Take the example of an old colleague telling a person about a job offer. This widens the job seekers horizon but he does not have to rely on this single job offer. Here, weak ties fulfil their function beautifully. As soon as something is at stake, though, one has to doubt that people would still make extensive usage of weak ties. Here, they would rather rely on someone they know and well enough to be sure that he can be trusted. This holds true not only for interpersonal issues but also in a mere trade relation. Strengths and contributions of the article Nevertheless, one can not possibly question the importance of this article. One major contribution is a solution to the threat of an in-group bias that may occur: As recently found out in a study by Hooghe, Reeskens, Stolle and Tappers, generalized trust, which furthers social cohesion and is a core component of social capital, develops more easily and in greater amplitude within homogenous groups whereas heterogeneity of a group decreases it (2009). These findings bring along some troublesome issues: How can collective action and social cohesion take place in heterogeneous societies? Naturally, heterogeneous groups will divide into subgroups which can lead to fragmentation. With the linkages, the bridges, between these groups, the threat of fragmentation and a resulting lack of participation in public life can be allayed. Furthermore, it clearly gives the basis for several important publications not only in the fields of civic networks and social capital. Richard Floridas The Rise of the Creative Class (2002), for example, explains the crucial importance of the spread of information through weak ties for the facilitation of creativity in the labour sector. This is just a representative of the many contemporary influential theories that build on Granovetters paper. The Strength of Weak Ties contributes to the discussion around the concept of social capital not only by making a clear distinction between different types of ties (as stated above already) but also by showing how weak ties can be a connecting point between leaders and a group and the resulting trust and participation in the leadership and by emphasizing the significance of the spread of information which can ultimately lead to collective action and the involvement of the majority of a society in public matters. Finally, as already shortly mentioned above, Granovetters stress on weak ties does not become outdated by new findings although the publication lays more than 35 years in the past. In contrast, it should acquire even more importance by the introduction of new technologies and online platforms that alleviate the maintenance of a vast number of loose relationships, even bridging great distances. This trend is crucial for understanding nowadays (Western) societies and hence, for many fields of sociology and social sciences. Conclusion Considering the points made above, one can clearly state that the publication is a basic contribution in civic networks theory despite the weaknesses it may have. There are scholars that tend to favour strong ties and disregard the significance of weak ties such as Robert Putnam foremost in his book Bowling Alone (2000). This only makes Granovetters article more important providing an anti-pole to such neglect. Even though there are flaws in the argumentation and the premises on which the approach is built, those are minor ones. Furthermore, Granovetter states himself that his work is a limited, basic one that is a fragment of a theory (p. 1378). He does not claim to offer a comprehensive and elaborated concept that does not need further improvement. As part of a theory and by drawing the attention to an entirely neglected part of human interaction, it paves the way for further research in this direction. Granovetter, hence, managed to contribute greatly to several fields of research and this piece of work will not loose significance in the future as it is the basis further studies and will not be replaced by those.

Flowers For Algernon :: essays research papers

The story Flowers for Algernon depicts the meaning of intelligence in a very deep sense. The narrow definition intelligence is the capacity to learn, to understand, or to deal with new or trying situations. It is a concrete definition in such a way that it also means the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one’s environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria as tests. Yet the story goes beyond this concrete explanation of what intelligence really is. It shows a whole new perspective of the meaning intelligence. The novel gives a theory of the more intelligent you become the more problems you will obtain. As a result your intellectual growth is going to outstrip your emotional growth. This theory is shown in the novel with Charlie having two growths, intellectual and emotional. These two growths interact by reason of once there is a high intellectual growth that is rapidly out growing, the emotional growth will stay the same or increase at a much lowe r speed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The definition of intelligence that is explained in the book is having certain attributes that help you become a stronger individual. The qualities are having honesty, ethics morals and compassion. One has to achieve this intelligence thoughtlessly; Charlie shows this before he has his operation. By reaching this type of intelligence a person does not have to have a lot knowledge or a high I.Q, but you may reach peace in life by being a spiritually kind person that is previously show in the abstract definition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only positive effects of the intellectual growth that one can gain is to be able to experience what the concrete definition was like in one’s own personal experience. Yet the negative effects of the operation, which were great, was the intellectual and emotional growth colliding.

Modern Audience Essay

â€Å"It is impossible for a modern audience to feel comfortable with the Taming of The Shrew† with close reference to Shakespeare’s presentation of Katharina, comic conventions and having the above question in mind, write about your response to the ending of the play†¦ In my opinion, The Taming of The Shrew tells the story of an abusive marriage and I would agree with the view that it is impossible for a modern audience to feel comfortable with the play, especially the conclusion of the story. Shakespeare’s presentation of Katharina at the end of the play seems to me to be one of a broken person; she is almost robotic in her obedience and without spirit, except for when singing the praises of wifely submission. â€Å"Thy husband is thy Lord, thy life, thy keeper, thy head, thy sovereign† is a prime example of the disturbing brainwashing Petruchio has carried out on her. This humbled ‘Kate’ is a far cry from the feisty Katharina we are first greeted by in Act 2, where she exchanges a vicious battle of words with Petruchio; â€Å"Asses are made to bear and so are you†. This phrase in itself shows that she is fearless, and defies her society’s conventions, cursing at strangers; a sad contrast to the plays ending, where she has totally conformed to what’s expected of her. The ending of the play also contains very little comedy, with the exception of the argument as to who is the real Vincentio, and the fight between Kate and the Widow. This is because the Taming of the shrew defies most Shakespearian comedy conventions, as the marriage takes place midway the play, rather than at then end as was traditional. I believe that this adds to the discomfort of the modern audience, as after the supposed ‘happy ending’ we are faced with the harsh reality of Petruchio’s treatment of Kate. Shakespeare presents Katharina as completely changed by the end of the play. At first she is wild and seemingly untameable; we see her tie up her sister and argue violently with both Petruchio and her father. â€Å"So may you lose you arms, if you strike me, you are no gentleman, and if no gentleman, why then no arms† Here, Shakespeare presents Katharina as highly skilled with word manipulation, generating humour with her insulting play on words with â€Å"arms† as she brands Petruchio simply a commoner if he would strike her. This is in stark contrast to the ending of the play where she seems to have no free will. She is practically enslaved to Petruchio, agreeing with his every thought and whim. An example of this is Act 4, Scene 5, Petruchio and Kate see Vincentio and Petruchio refers to him as a â€Å"fair and lovely maid†, instructing Kate to â€Å"embrace her for her beauty’s sake†. Shakespeare’s use of a command word clearly shows Petruchio’s power and utter control in their relationship. Vincentio is obviously a man, but despite this, and despite a warning from Hortensio that this pretence will anger Vincentio, â€Å"a will make the man mad, to make a woman of him†, Kate does indeed embrace him for his beauty’s sake; â€Å"Young budding virgin, fair fresh and sweet†. This elaborate language with its piling up of adjectives is an example of hyperbole used for comic effect. It is perhaps also, on a less humorous note, an instance of what many feminists would see as the darker side of The Taming of the Shrew, and the destruction of Katherina’s personality; this is a strong interpretation as she could be seen to be using this elaborate language due to her desperation to please Petruchio or her fear of punishment. Petruchio further exerts his power over Kate by then changing his mind and accusing Kate of madness. â€Å"I hope thou art not mad, this is a man† she readily agrees, ignoring the fact that Petruchio has undermined and humiliated her, and begs for his pardon over her stupidity. This scene is a prime example of the change Petruchio has caused from Katharina to Kate. She is not the character we met in Act 2, and this transformation could be said to be uncomfortable for a modern audience to watch. It is unpleasant to see one human being so completely at the hands of another, and whether this total obedience is due to love, fear or desperation is down to the audience to decide. I think this adds a more disquieting edge to the play as Shakespeare seems to condone Petruchio’s taming, or what most modern audiences would see as abuse. However, some critics, for instance Lucy Bailey, director for the RSC, have stated that the play is a curiously misunderstood love story, not the abusive tale of misogyny some modern audiences would see it as; Bailey says that Petruchio and Kate’s attraction is instant, and that what follows after their first meeting is simply fore-play. Nonetheless, this interpretation is hard to digest in the face of the cruelty Petruchio inflicts on Kate, why would a man in love treat the object of his affections like one of his farm animals? This treatment is particularly shown during Act 4 where Petruchio begins his ‘taming’, he attempts to train Kate as one would train a dog. EXAMPLE. Evaluate language. Other critics have explained this treatment by saying that Petruchio is driven mad by grief after the death of his father he â€Å"takes out his disaffection and anger on other people almost as an experiment.† (Director David Farr) The best example of Shakespeare’s changing presentation of Katharina to Kate can be seen in the final scene, in her speech. She has not spoken for several pages, but then, on Petruchio’s command, launches into the longest speech in the entire play, expelling the virtues of being a good wife. The first reason that most modern audiences would find this scene uncomfortable to watch is the way that Petruchio instructs Kate to â€Å"Tell these headstrong women what duty they do owe to their Lords and husbands†. This phrase itself could be seen to be problematic for modern audiences to digest. In the 21st century, men and women are equal, so the way that Petruchio refers to men as â€Å"Lords†, implies a power and control over women that is uncomfortable for most modern audiences to hear. Shakespeare cleverly prioritises the word Lord over Husband in this line emphasising the debt Petruchio feels women owe their husbands, like peasants owe their Lords. In this statement, Petruchio also uses headstrong as an insult, whereas in modern Britain, although it can have negative connotations, headstrong is often a positive personality attribute, implying one knows ones own mind. The ending of The Taming of the Shrew contains very little comic elements, making it all the more uncomfortable. There is the scene in which Vincentio encounters the pedant impersonating himself . The audience has not seen Kate as impassioned during her speech since she was Katharina; we see some of her old spark when she refers to Bianca and The Widow as â€Å"froward and unable worms†. However, this insult could be seen as a sad reflection of how Petruchio has twisted her feisty nature to suit his own needs. Most modern spectators would see the entire speech as incredibly anti-feminist, and I believe that due to this it is impossible for most modern audiences to feel comfortable with The Taming of The Shrew. Kate suggests women should â€Å"kneel for peace† and â€Å"place your hands below your husband’s foot†. These phrases evoke feelings of servitude and to most modern audiences are difficult to hear. Kate’s ‘realisation’ that women are weak, their â€Å"lances nothing but straws† contrasts to her physical violence at the start of the play where she attacks Petruchio. â€Å"That I’ll try (she strikes him)†. Shakespeare uses regal imagery in this speech to show the total infatuation and obedience Kate feels towards Petruchio. She refers to husbands and ‘Lords’, ‘Sovereigns’, ‘Heads’ and ‘Princes’, and these words show the power Petruchio has over Kate and the power she believes all husbands should have over their wives: one of absolute control, akin to the monarch. Shakespeare’s effective listing of these nouns emphasises Kate’s uncanny passion towards Petruchio and wifely obedience. Similes are also widely used in Kate’s final speech; for example, â€Å"to dart a scornful glance† at ones husband â€Å"blots thy beauty as frosts do bite the meads†. Kate now believes that obedience is beauty, and for most modern audiences who live in a society where independence is valued and celebrated, it is impossible to feel comfortable with these ideas.